Research progress of occupational hazards in plywood manufacturing / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Occupational disease hazards in plywood manufacturing mainly include wood dust, formaldehyde, phenol, ammonia, noise, terpene, microorganisms, etc. The exposure is complex with multiple factors accompanied or coexisted. In the production process, these factors are exceeded, and mass occupational disease hazard events occurred among workers. Exposure to wood dust, formaldehyde, terpene, etc., put workers at increased risk of cancer. This article provides a review of this issue in order to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of occupational disease hazards in plywood manufacturing.

Avaliação da degradação de formol do efluente gerado no laboratório de anatomia por biorreatores anaeróbios e mapeamento dos pontos críticos de controle / Evaluation of formalin degradation of effluent generated in the anatomy laboratory by anaerobic bioreactors and mapping of critical control points

Diante das estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem adotadas na disciplina de Anatomia da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (EERP/USP), que requer a conservação de peças cadavéricas em solução de formol, no Laboratório Multidisciplinar são gerados significantes volumes de efluentes contendo este composto. Considerando as características tóxicas dessa substância, tanto aos seres vivos quanto ao meio ambiente, torna-se imprescindível o gerenciamento e tratamento deste resíduo gerado antes do descarte na rede coletora de esgotos. Embora diferentes métodos, sejam eles químicos ou biológicos, possam ser utilizados para promover o tratamento prévio ao descarte de soluções contendo formol, o uso de tratamentos biológicos, como o reator anaeróbio, possibilita o tratamento de grandes volumes de resíduos, gera menor exposição ocupacional e possui reduzido custo do processo. No ano de 2017 a EERP/USP implementou o Reator Anaeróbio Horizontal de Leito Fixo (RAHLF), dimensionado para atender grandes volumes de efluentes com solução de formol gerados na unidade. Neste contexto, este estudo inédito em escala industrial, além de monitorar a eficiência da remoção da solução de formol dos efluentes gerados do sistema de biorreatores também caracterizamos os pontos críticos de controle do processo de tratamento do RAHLF, durante o período de fevereiro a junho e de setembro a novembro do ano de 2020. Os resultados na entrada do RAHLF apresentaram uma média de 480,19 ± 116,06 mg.L-1, com amplitude amostral de 238,37 mg.L-1 a 774,60 mg.L-1, já na saída do RAHLF demonstraram média de 1,39 ± 0,56 mg.L-1, com amplitude amostral de 0,04 mg.L-1 a 2,32 mg.L-1, evidenciando assim a eficiência na degradação do formol pelos biorreatores em média de 99,70%. A partir dos dados foi evidenciado que além do desempenho satisfatório do RAHLF para o pré-tratamento de água residuária contendo formol, o reator também apresentou estabilidade de operação durante o desenvolvimento do estudo. Com o conhecimento de todas as etapas e dos pontos críticos do processo foi possível a organização do fluxograma do processo, desde o local gerador até a disposição do efluente para a rede coletora de esgoto municipal. A partir do fluxograma, foi possível desenvolver protocolo de operação, visando minimizar ao máximo potenciais ocorrências de falhas durante o processo. Este estudo gerou conhecimento que contribui para melhor compreensão da biotecnologia anaeróbia implantada para alcançar a degradação da solução de formol no efluente do Laboratório Multidisciplinar da EERP/USP. A implantação e funcionamento adequado do biodigestor refletem o compromisso socioambiental da universidade com a sociedade e com o meio ambiente, na busca de ações que promovam tanto a saúde pública quanto a sustentabilidade ambiental. Os resultados constituirão também uma base de dados para outros gestores de biodigestores implantados na universidade, sendo de grande importância para a continuidade de investigações relacionadas com o tratamento dos efluentes em laboratórios de ensino

For the development of teaching and learning strategies adopted in the discipline of Anatomy at the University of São Paulo at College of Nursing in Ribeirão Preto (CNRP/USP), which requires the preservation of cadaveric parts in a formaldehyde solution, the Multidisciplinary Laboratory generates significant volumes of effluents containing this compound. Considering the toxic characteristics of this substance, both to living beings and to the environment, it is essential to manage and treat this wastewater before its disposal in the sewage collection system. Although different methods, whether chemical or biological, can be used to promote treatment prior to disposal of solutions containing formaldehyde, the use of biological treatments, such as the anaerobic reactor, allows the treatment of large volumes of waste, generates less occupational exposure and has reduced process cost. In 2017, EERP/USP implemented the Anaerobic Horizontal Fixed Bed Reactor (AHFBR), dimensioned to supply large volumes of wastewater with a formaldehyde solution generated at the unit. In this context, this unprecedented study on an industrial scale, in addition to monitoring the efficiency of the removal of the formaldehyde solution from the effluents generated from the bioreactor system, we also characterized the critical control points of the AHFBR treatment process, during the period from February to June and from September to November of 2020. The results of the affluent of the AHFBR presented an average of 480.19 ± 116.06 mg.L-1, with a sample range of 238.37 mg.L-1 to 774.60 mg. L-1, already in the effluent of the AHFBR obtained average of 1.39 ± 0.56 mg.L-1, with a sample range of 0.04 mg.L-1 to 2.32 mg.L-1, thus evidencing the efficiency in formaldehyde degradation by bioreactors on average of 99.70%. From the data, it evidenced that in addition to the satisfactory performance of the AHFBR for the pre-treatment of wastewater containing formaldehyde, the reactor also showed operating stability during the development of the study. With the knowledge of all the steps and critical points of the process, it was possible to organize the process flowchart, from the generating site to the disposal of the effluent to the municipal sewage collection network. From the flowchart, it was possible to develop an operation protocol, aiming to minimize as many potential occurrences of failures during the process as possible. This study generated knowledge that contributes to a better understanding of the anaerobic biotechnology implemented to achieve the degradation of the formaldehyde solution in the effluent of the Multidisciplinary Laboratory at CNRP/USP. The implantation and proper functioning of the biodigester reflect the university's socio-environmental commitment to society and the environment, in the search for actions that promote both public health and environmental sustainability. The results will also constitute a database for other managers of biodigesters implemented at the university, being of great importance for the continuity of investigations related to the treatment of effluents in teaching laboratories

La exposición ocupacional al formol y la nueva tabla de enfermedades laborales / Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and new table of occupational diseases

RESUMEN En este documento se presenta una actualización referente al efecto carcinógeno del formol; inicialmente se consideran generalidades de su composición química, luego se evidencian algunos de sus usos, tanto en la industria como en las instituciones de salud, y posteriormente se muestra el riesgo al que está expuesta la población general y en particular el personal del área de la salud, como consecuencia de una exposición prolongada ante este componente químico. Se hace hincapié en la concentración del formaldehido tanto en la vida cotidiana como en el ámbito laboral y se consideran los lineamientos del decreto 1477 del 5 de agosto de 2014, emanado por el Ministerio del Trabajo de la República de Colombia, sobre la exposición ocupacional a esta sustancia química resaltando que este decreto no hace mención a los ya conocidos efectos car-cinogénicos del formol, ampliamente soportados por la evidencia científica, dejando un vacío tanto para la prevención ocupacional como para la legislación laboral.(AU)

ABSTRACT This paper presents an update on the carcinogenic effect of formaldehyde. First, generalities of its chemical composition are considered, followed by the description of some of its uses, both in the industry and in health institutions, as well as an account of the risk to which the general population is exposed, in particular health personnel, as a result of prolonged exposure to this chemical component. Emphasis is placed on the concentration of formaldehyde in everyday life and in the workplace, while the guidelines of decree 1477 of August 5, 2014, issued by the Ministry of Labor of Colombia, on occupational exposure to this chemical are analyzed to demonstrate that this decree does not consider the already known carcinogenic effects of formaldehyde, widely supported by scientific evidence, thus leaving a void for both occupational prevention and labor legislation.(AU)

Industrial pollutants and nasopharyngeal cancer: an open question

Introduction and Objectives: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma represents 0.7% of the total cancer cases in the world with an ASR index of 1.7 and is widely associated with Epstein-Barr virus. It is not common in Italy [ASR index of 0.5] while in China [ASR 1.9], one third of the clinical cases are observed in Guangdong [ASR index 11.3]. It is also quite common in Malaysia and Indonesia. The activation of the cancerogenesis process happens after the exposure to some environmental parameters that epidemiological studies have indicated with various dietary habits, mainly for salted fish consumption. The purpose of this work is to highlight such as exposure to compounds, such as formaldehyde, which is present in the different working conditions of these countries and may lead to the real cause to establish the carcinogenic process

Materials and Methods: The most recent publications regarding the impact of various external factors on Pub Med, Google, TOXLINE, Chem Abstract, were analyzed with the radiological data that were found in Milan hospitals database

Results: The relationship between food consumption and nasopharyngeal cancer are not clear and statistically insignificant in Indonesia. In Malaysia, the preparation of natural rubber for the use of formaldehyde is a dangerous environmental factor. The same exposure is a risk factor in Guangdong, where many workers are employed in the wood panel industry. Incidence of cancer in these Chinese ethnic groups decreases when they migrate to other countries. In the last 5 years, few cases were recorded in Italy, without any apparent change in ethnic environmental factors or HBV infection

Discussion: In the production of natural rubber, a lot of people are exposed to formaldehyde during the various steps of preparation and production such as stripping, drying and coagulation without observing proper environmental hygiene precautions. The same working conditions are present in industrial production of WOOD panels in Guangdong, China. The relationship between exposure to formaldehyde aod nasopharyngeal cancer is demonstrated by the fact thai epidemiological studies on the population of this Chinese district whose immigrant populations were not to these pollutants, the appearance of these decreases. Also an examination of our radiological data in Italy shows that in about one hundred sixty cases of nasopharyngeal cancer none of the patients Indonesian or Chinese

Conclusion: The preliminary results of our study suggest! that EPST-BARR virus could be a risk factor if associated! with exposure to compounds such as formalc which is present in industrial productions of countries! Indonesia, Malaysia, and China

A Case of Recurrent Urticaria Due to Formaldehyde Release from Root-Canal Disinfectant

Although formaldehyde is well known to cause type 4 hypersensitivity, immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity to formaldehyde is rare. Here, we report a case of recurrent generalized urticaria after endodontic treatment using a para-formaldehyde (PFA)-containing root canal sealant and present a review of previous studies describing cases of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to formaldehyde. A 50-year-old man visited our allergy clinic for recurrent generalized urticaria several hours after endodontic treatment. Prick tests to latex, lidocaine, and formaldehyde showed negative reactions. However, swelling and redness at the prick site continued for several days. The level of formaldehyde-specific IgE was high (class 4). Thus, the patient was deemed to have experienced an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction caused by the PFA used in the root canal disinfectant. Accordingly, we suggest that physicians should pay attention to type I hypersensitivity reactions to root canal disinfectants, even if the symptoms occur several hours after exposure.

Sintomatología causada por la exposición al formaldehído en estudiantes de medicina y sus posibles mecanismos fisiopatológicos / Symptomatology caused by exposition of medical students to formaldehyde, and its possible pathophysiologic mechanisms / Sintomatologia causada pela exposição ao formaldeído em estudantes de medicina e seus possíveis mecanismos fisiopatológicos

El formaldehído (FA) se utiliza en la preservación de muestras anatómicas. En el programa académico de Medicina se utilizan diversos especímenes preservados con él para el aprendizaje de la Anatomía y la Patología. Durante las prácticas con dichos especímenes es frecuente que haya emisión vapores y contacto directo con el FA, lo que implica niveles altos de exposición; se han informado diversos síntomas según la vía de exposición, más frecuentemente respiratorios y de la piel. Por consiguiente, el FA constituye un riesgo ocupacional para la salud de profesionales y estudiantes cuyas actividades los exponen a él. Este artículo es una revisión de la literatura actual sobre las bases fisiopatológicas y las manifestaciones clínicas asociadas a la exposición a FA en ámbitos académicos, especialmente en estudiantes de Medicina; se incluyen además las medidas de protección.

Formaldehyde (FA) is used for preservation of anatomical specimens that are used during practices of Anatomy and Pathology. Emission of vapors of FA and direct contact with it often occur during such practices, thus exposing students and instructors to this substance. Clinical manifestations of this exposition are mainly respiratory and cutaneous. Therefore, FA constitutes an occupational risk for the health of exposed individuals. This article is a review of recent literature on this subject focused on the clinical manifestations associated to FA exposition and their pathophysiological bases. Protection measures are also included.

O formaldeído (FA) utiliza-se na preservação de mostras anatômicas. No programa acadêmico de Medicina se utilizam diversos espécimenes preservados com ele para a aprendizagem da Anatomia e a Patologia. Durante as práticas com ditos espécimenes é frequente que tenha emissão vapores e contato direto com o FA, o que implica níveis altos de exposição; informaram- se diversos sintomas segundo a via de exposição, mais frequentemente respiratórios e da pele. Portanto, o FA constitui um risco ocupacional para a saúde de profissionais e estudantes cujas atividades os expõem a ele. Este artigo é uma revisão da literatura atual sobre as bases fisiopatológicas e as manifestações clínicas sócias à exposição a FA em âmbitos acadêmicos, especialmente em estudantes de Medicina; incluem-se ademais as medidas de proteção.

Epidural Dexamethasone Decreased Inflammatory Hyperalgesia and Spinal cPLA2 Expression in a Rat Formalin Test

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of epidural dexamethasone on analgesia and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) expression in the spinal cord in a rat formalin test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Epidural dexamethasone injection was performed to Sprague-Dawley rats with a 25 gauge needle under fluoroscopy. Following the epidural injection, a formalin induced pain behavior test was performed. Next, the spinal cords corresponding to L4 dorsal root ganglion was extracted to observe the cPLA2 expression. RESULTS: There were no differences in pain response during phase I among the groups. The phase II pain response in 300 microg of epidural dexamethasone group decreased as compared to control, 30 microg of epidural dexamethasone, 100 microg of epidural dexamethasone, and 300 microg of systemic dexamethasone groups. The expression of cPLA2 decreased in Rexed laminae I-II in 300 microg of the epidural dexamethasone group compared with the ones in the control group. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results suggest that 300 microg of epidural dexamethasone has an attenuating effect on the peripheral inflammatory tissue injury induced hyperalgesia and this effect is mediated through the inhibition of intraspinal cPLA2 expression and the primary site of action is the laminae I-II of the spinal cord.

The putative role of ovary removal and progesterone when considering the effect of formaldehyde exposure on lung inflammation induced by ovalbumin

OBJECTIVE: Formaldehyde exposure during the menstrual cycle is known to affect the course of allergic lung inflammation. Because our previous data demonstrated that formaldehyde combined with an ovariectomy reduced allergic lung inflammation, we investigated the putative role of ovary removal and progesterone treatment when considering the effect of formaldehyde on allergic lung inflammation. METHOD: Ovariectomized rats and their matched controls were exposed to formaldehyde (1%, 3 days, 90 min/day) or vehicle, and immediately after exposure, the rats were sensitized to ovalbumin by a subcutaneous route. After 1 week, the rats received a booster by the same route, and after an additional week, the rats were challenged with ovalbumin (1%) by an aerosol route. The leukocyte numbers, interleukin-10 (IL-10) release, myeloperoxidase activity, vascular permeability, ex vivo tracheal reactivity to methacholine and mast cell degranulation were determined 24 h later. RESULTS: Our results showed that previous exposure to formaldehyde in allergic rats decreased lung cell recruitment, tracheal reactivity, myeloperoxidase activity, vascular permeability and mast cell degranulation while increasing IL-10 levels. Ovariectomy only caused an additional reduction in tracheal reactivity without changing the other parameters studied. Progesterone treatment reversed the effects of formaldehyde exposure on ex vivo tracheal reactivity, cell influx into the lungs and mast cell degranulation. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our study revealed that formaldehyde and ovariectomy downregulated allergic lung inflammation by IL-10 release and mast cell degranulation. Progesterone treatment increased eosinophil recruitment and mast cell degranulation, which in turn may be responsible for tracheal hyperreactivity and allergic lung inflammation. .

Effects of formaldehyde on respiratory mucosa in rats / Efectos del formaldehído sobre la mucosa respiratoria en ratas

Formaldehyde inhalation, are known to be nasal mucosa irritating feature. This study we are examined the effects histopathologic of formaldehyde inhalation on rats by using light microscopy. 16 adult wistar albino rats were used in this study. 8 rats were in control group and 8 rats were in experiment group. Experiment group was exposed to 10 ppm formaldhyde 8hours/day,5days/week for 8 week. Nasal mucosa was removed and placed in 10 percent formaline. Sections were stained with Hematoxylene-Eosine and observed under light microscopy. The lining epithelium of respiratory mucosa showed a loss of ciliated cells with metaplasia of goblet cells and hyperplasia of squamous cells.

Es conocido que la inhalación de formaldehído tiene caraterísticas irritantes para la mucosa nasal. En este estudio se examinaron los efectos histopatológicos de la inhalación de formaldehído en ratas mediante microscopía de luz. Se utilizaron en este estudio 16 ratas Wistar albinas adultas, ocho ratas como grupo control y ocho como grupo experimental. El grupo experimental fue expuesto a 10 ppm formaldehído 8 horas/día, 5 días/semana por 8 semanas. La mucosa nasal fue retirada y colocada en formalina al 10 por ciento. Las secciones obtenidas fueron teñidas con Hematoxilina-Eosina y observadas al microscopio óptico. El epitelio de revestimiento de la mucosa respiratoria mostró una pérdida de células ciliadas con metaplasia de las células caliciformes e hiperplasia de células escamosas.

Tissue reaction to Endométhasone sealer in root canal fillings short of or beyond the apical foramen

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the response of periapical tissues to the endodontic sealer Endométhasone in root canal fillings short of or beyond the apical foramen. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty root canals of premolars and incisors of 2 mongrel dogs were used. After coronal access and pulp extirpation, the canals were instrumented up to a size 55 K-file and the apical cemental barrier was penetrated with a size 15 K-file to obtain a main apical foramen, which was widened to a size 25 K-file. The canals were irrigated with saline at each change of file. The root canals were obturated either short of or beyond the apical foramen by the lateral condensation of gutta-percha and Endométhasone, originating 2 experimental groups: G1: Endométhasone/short of the apical foramen; G2: Endométhasone/beyond the apical foramen. The animals were killed by anesthetic overdose 90 days after endodontic treatment. The individual roots were obtained and serial histological sections were prepared for histomorphological analysis (H&E and Brown & Brenn techniques) under light microscopy. The following parameters were examined: closure of the apical foramen of the main root canal and apical opening of accessory canals, apical cementum resorption, intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate, presence of giant cells and thickness and organization of the apical periodontal ligament. Each parameter was scored 1 to 4, 1 being the best result and 4 the worst. Data were analyzed statistically by the Wilcoxon nonparametric tests (p=0.05). RESULTS: Comparing the 2 groups, the best result (p<0.05) was obtained with root canal filling with Endométhasone short of the apical foramen but a chronic inflammatory infiltrate was present in all specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Limiting the filling material to the root canal space apically is important to determine the best treatment outcome when Endométhasone is used as sealer.

[ effects of formaldehyde among medical students in anatomy dissection laboratory of Shiraz school of medicine]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of formaldehyde vapor on eyes, nose and skin and pulmonary function of medical students, as well as, indoor concentration of formaldehyde [FA] vapor in dissection laboratory. One hundred sixty five [165] medical students were selected randomly. Students were excluded if they had had history of smoking, or any condition likely to have an effect on the results of this study. All students were exposed to formaldehyde at least one hour per week for 10 weeks. To evaluate irritation of eyes, nose and skin, pulmonary function and indoor concentration of FA vapor in anatomy laboratory we used questioner, spirometry and NIOSH 3500 method [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health], respectively. Following exposure to FA, irritation of skin, eyes and specially nose [75.8%] were increased significantly [P

Contribution of the nucleus cuneiformis to the antinociceptive effects of systemic morphine on inflammatory pain in rats

The role of midbrain reticular formation, which includes the nucleus cuneiformis [NCF], as a crucial antinociceptive region in descending pain modulation has long been investigated. In this study, we tried to highlight the role of NCF in morphine-induced antinociception in formalin-induced pain model in rats. A total of 201 male Wistar rats weighing 260-310 g were used in this study. The effective dose of morphine in systemic administration [intraperitoneal; i.p.] was determined after a dose- and time-response protocol. In consequent groups, bilateral electrolytic lesion [500 microA, 30 sec] or reversible inactivation [lidocaine 2%] were used in the NCF before systemic administration of morphine, and then, the nociceptive test was immediately carried out. The results showed that administration of 6 mg/kg morphine, 30 min before the formalin test, is the best dose- and time-response set in these experiments. The obtained data also indicated that bilateral electrical destruction or reversible inactivation of the NCF significantly decreased antinociceptive responses of systemic morphine [6 mg/kg; i.p.] during the second phase of formalin test [P<0.05]. Therefore, it seems that opioid receptors located in the NCF may be involved in modulation of central sensitization which occurred in inflammatory pain in rats

[Effect of organic acids and formaldehyde on morphology of broiler intestine and salmonella reduction in feed]

Control of poultry feed microbial contamination could reduce carcass contamination at processing plants and resultin improvement of public health. In this study the effects of commercial blend of organic acids [Salkil[Registered] and Formycine[Registered]], formalin 37% and formaldehyde gas on morphology of intestinal mucosa and gut microflora in broilers were investigated. Three hundreds 1-d-old chicks [Ross 308] were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 4 replications of 15 birds. The first group was control and fed basal diet without supplemental of additives. The groups 2 to 5 fed diets treated by: 0.2% Salkil, 0. 2% formalin, 0. 1% Formycine and formaldehyde gas throughout the experiment[d42]. Among the experimental groups, formaldehyde destroyed Salmonella enteritidis of feed in short time. Number of tongue and leaf shape villi [p<0. 01] at the age of 28 days, ridge shape [p<0.05] at the ages of 14 and 42 days and number of villi per view field at the ages of 28 [p<0.01] and 42 [p<0.05] days were provided some visible evidence from the effect of diet regiment. Treatments had significant effects on the villus height [p<0.01] at the age of 14 days, depth of the crypts [p<0.05] and height/width ratio of the villus [p<0.05] at the age of 28 days.Villus heigth of chickens that received Formycine was also longer than other experimental groups through out the study

Formaldeído na odontologia: aspectos antimicrobianos, carcinogênicos e mutagênicos. Um estudo da sua viabilidade na clínica odontológica / Formaldehyde in dentistry: antimicrobial, carcinogenic, and mutagenic aspects. A study of its viability in dentistry

O formaldeído é um medicamento usado na prática odontológica desde o século XVIII. Ele foi um dos agentes medicamentosos mais usados na Odontologia, ao se tratar de terapêutica pulpar. Porém, apesar de apresentar alto índice de sucesso clínico e radiográfico, têm-se dado atenção especial para as propriedades tóxicas deste material. O presente artigo visa revisar a ação do formaldeído sobre os tecidos dentários, enfatizando os aspectos citotóxicos e antimicrobianos, considerando sua ação sobre cultura de células e de bactérias, em diferentes concentrações, e seus efeitos mutagênicos e carcinogênicos. Pode-se concluir que, apesar de ser um eficiente antimicrobiano, o formaldeído apresenta numerosos efeitos citopatológicos, além de ser mutagênico e carcinogênico.

The use of resorcine adhesive in repairing osteochondral's defect in knees of rabbits

PURPOSE: To study the morphology of the articulation of the knee of rabbits after the repairing of the defect osteochondral standardized with resorcina adhesive or metallic synthesis. METHODS: The procedure was to the creation of the defect osteochondral in femoral medial condylus of the knee of 80 rabbits, The animals were distributed in two groups with continuations of 7 and 42 days and submitted to the technique G (resection and retreat of the fragment osteochondral of the femoral medial condylus and relocation with resorcina adhesive), technique S (resection and retreat of the fragment osteochondral of the femoral medial condylus and relocation and metallic synthesis) or technique C (resection and retreat of the fragment osteochondral of the femoral medial condylus, leaving the empty standard defect the control). It was Made clinical study, radiographic, macroscopic and histological in two groups. RESULTS: the resorcina adhesive provokes: necrosis of the fragment osteochondral in 100 percent and 95 percent, degeneration 90 percent and 100 percent, free body in 80 percent and 65 percent respectively in the group I and II; compared with the metallic synthesis that it presented: necrosis in 25 percent and 35 percent, degeneration 25 percent and 35 percent, free body in 35 percent and 10 percent respectively in the group I and II. CONCLUSION: the resorcinol adhesive, related with the necrosis, cartilaginous degeneration and detachment of the fragment osteochondral lives frequently that the metallic synthesis.

OBJETIVO: Estudar a morfologia da articulação do joelho de coelhos após a reparação de um defeito osteocondral padronizado com adesivo de resorcina ou síntese metálica. MÉTODOS: Procedeu-se à criação de um defeito osteocondral em côndilo femoral medial do joelho de 80 coelhos. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos com seguimentos de 7 e 42 dias e submetidos à técnica G (ressecção e retirada do fragmento osteocondral do côndilo femoral medial e recolocação com adesivo de resorcina), técnica S (ressecção e retirada do fragmento osteocondral do côndilo femoral medial e recolocação e síntese metálica) ou técnica C (ressecção e retirada do fragmento osteocondral do côndilo femoral medial, deixando o defeito padrão vazio como controle). Fez-se estudo clínico, radiográfico, macroscópico e histológico nos dois grupos. RESULTADOS: o adesivo de resorcina provoca: necrose do fragmento osteocondral em 100 por cento e 95 por cento, degeneração 90 por cento e 100 por cento, corpo livre em 80 por cento e 65 por cento respectivamente no grupo I e II; comparado com a síntese metálica que apresentou: necrose em 25 por cento e 35 por cento, degeneração 25 por cento e 35 por cento, corpo livre em 35 por cento e 10 por cento respectivamente no grupo I e II. CONCLUSÃO: o adesivo de resorcina, está relacionado com a necrose, degeneração cartilaginosa e despreendimento do fragmento osteocondral com maior freqüência que a síntese metálica.

Toxic effects of embalming fluid on medical students and professionals.

Vapours of embalming fluid in the dissection room are a perennial cause of irritation to the mucous membranes of the pharynx, upper respiratory tract and eyes. We made an attempt to assess the discomfort level produced by formalin and that produced by the standardized embalming fluid used in our department. A list of twenty symptoms was made and circulated among students attending dissection and students were asked to grade the severity of each symptom experienced on a scale of 1 to 4. Individual scores of each symptom were statistically compared and summated, and the same reflected the general acceptability of the embalming fluid.

Modelo de indução de necrose focal hepática: estudo experimental em ratos / Induction model of hepatic focal necrosis: experimental study in rats

OBJETIVO: Investigar a área de necrose focal induzida pela injeção intra-hepática de quatro diferentes substâncias no fígado de ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 25 ratos Wistar, com peso variando entre 200 a 250 g, distribuidos em 5 grupos, que receberam 0,1cc das seguintes substâncias: Grupo I (Gr. I) - soro fisiológico a 0,9 por cento (controle). Grupo II (Gr. II) - glicose hipertônica a 50 por cento. Grupo III (Gr. III) - NaCl a 20 por cento. Grupo IV (Gr. IV) - formol a 10 por cento. Grupo V (Gr. V) - etanol. Os animais foram submetidos a laparotomia para que a punção fosse realizada no lobo hepático médio sob visão direta. Todos os animais foram sacrificados após 24 horas da injeção.. Os fígados foram avaliados histologicamente, com o intuito de mensurar a área do tecido necrótico. RESULTADOS: Nos cinco grupos estudados observou-se: Gr. I - 2829mm² (controle); Gr. II - 3805mm² (glicose hipertônica); Gr. III - 3930mm² (NaCl); Gr. IV - 4532mm² (formol) e Gr. V - 6432mm² (etanol). A análise estatística destes valores foi feita pelo método das comparações múltiplas. CONCLUSÃO: 1. O soro fisiológico foi à substância que causou a menor área de necrose (P< 0,05). 2. O NaCl a 20 por cento e a glicose hipertônica a 50 por cento produzem efeitos semelhantes (P > 0,05). 3. O formol a 10 por cento produziu necrose mais extensa que a glicose hipertônica a 50 por cento (P < 0,05) e que o NaCl a 20 por cento, porém não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa com esta última (P > 0,05). 4. O etanol foi à substância que, comparada com as outras, mais necrose produziu (P < 0,05).

Factores ambientales relacionados con la gravedad del asma / Environmental factors related to asthma severity

Este artículo revisa el papel que juegan los contaminantes del aire intradomiciliario y atmosférico como factores determinantes de la gravedad del asma. Se revisan brevemente las fuentes y los efectos respiratorios y sobre la salud de los principales contaminantes intradomiciliarios. Existe evidencia abundante sobre las respuestas de los asmáticos a la exposición a aeroalergenos intradomiciliarios, tales como los alergenos de los ácaros domésticos. Para alergenos de mascotas, algunos estudios encuentran que una exposición temprana en la vida se asocia a sensibilización y enfermedad alérgica, en tanto que otros comunican un efecto protector. Los efectos de contaminantes intradomiciliarios de la combustión han sido menos caracterizados. Sin embargo, algunos estudios sugieren que ellos podrían estar asociados con exacerbaciones del asma. La exposición a humo de tabaco ha sido relacionada con exacerbación de asma infantil. Además la prevalencia de asma infantil y los ingresos hospitalarios por asma en adultos también se han relacionado con la exposición a humo de tabaco. La exposición de atópicos y asmáticos a contaminantes atmosféricos (O3 y NO2) aumentan la respuesta de las vías aéreas a los aeroalergenos. Por lo tanto, el control de los contaminantes atmosféricos podría disminuir cualquier interacción de contaminantes con alergenos en atópicos y asmáticos.

Efectos tóxicos crónicos del formaldehido / Toxic chronic effects of formaldehyde

Se describen los efectos tóxicos de la exposición ocupacional crónica al formaldehído. Se estudiaron 66 personas, adultas, hombres y mujeres, expuestos en forma crónica al formaldehído. Se utilizó un cuestionario como instrumento de medición. Los resultados son: 31 estudiantes (47 por ciento), 11 profesores (17 por ciento), 4 obreros (6 por ciento) de la Cátedra de Anatomía Humana de la Facultad de Medicina, de la Universidad de Los Andes; 16 empleados de los servicios Funerarios de la ciudad de Mérida (24 por ciento y 4 empleados (6 por ciento) de la morgue del Cuerpo de Policía Científica (región Mérida). Edad entre 18 y 56 años (media: 37 años). Sexo predominio del sexo masculino, 44 personas (66 por ciento). Tiempo de trabajo: de 1 a 30 años (media: 15 años). Tiempo de exposición de 8 a 72 h/semana (media: 28 h/sem). Alteraciones respiratorias: representaron un 30 por ciento (6) de las patologías observadas: irritación nasal, obstrucción nasal, ardor de garganta, y tos seca, se presentaron en los cinco grupos de estudio con frecuencia de una vez al día: epistaxis y disnea se presentaron en los cinco grupos de estudio, con frecuencia de cada 30 días. Alteraciones neurológicas, representaron un 30 por ciento (6) de las patologías observadas: dolor de cabeza, una vez al día en estudiantes; cada 7 días en los obreros; funerarios y empleados CPTJ y cada 15 días en profesores y obreros; mareos, una vez al día en estudiantes y cada 7 días en los grupos restantes; fatiga, se presentó una vez al día en los cinco grupos de estudio; somnolencia, una vez al día en cuatro de los grupos y cada siete días en los profesores: irritabilidad, una vez al día en estudiantes y empleados funerarios, disminución de la memoria reciente, una vez al día en los profesores, obreros y empleados funerarios. Alteraciones dermatológicas, representaron un 25 por ciento (5) de las patologías observadas: urticaria, en los cinco grupos con una frecuencia de vez al día; ampollas, en cuatro de los grupos menos los profesores cada 15 días; daños en las uñas, cada 30 días en estudiantes, obreros y empleados funerarios y dermatitis en los estudiantes, obreros y empleados funererios cada 30 días; prurito en los estudiantes, empleados funerarios y empleados PTJ, una vez al día. Alteraciones oculares, representaron un 15 por ciento (3) de las patologías observadas: lagrimeo, irritación ocular una vez al día en los cinco grupos estudiados

Comparação entre os efeitos da mistura gelatina-resorcina-formaldeído e do N-butil-cianoacrilato em angiorrafias de veia jugular externa de coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Comparison between the effects of the compound gelatin-resorsin-formaldeide and the N-butil-2-cianoacrilate in the suture of the external jugular veins in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

OBJETIVO: Estudar comparativamente os efeitos de dois adesivos cirúrgicos adjutórios à técnica clássica de venorrafia, Colagel® e Histoacryl® no reforço da linha de sutura. MÉTODOS: Os procedimentos, conduzidos em 18 leporinos da raça Nova Zelândia, buscaram investigar a cicatrização de venorrafias pela evolução clínica dos animais, bem como a evolução da cicatrização das feridas cirúrgicas, macroscópica e microscopicamente. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos mostraram, clínica e macroscopicamente, alterações de maior significado e, microscopicamente, predomínio de maior reação inflamatória nas suturas recobertas pelo Colagel®, comparativamente às mantidas como controle e às "protegidas'' pelo Histoacryl®. CONCLUSÕES: Houve retardo na cicatrização das feridas que receberam o Colagel® e similitude de resultados entre o grupo controle e as suturas recobertas pelo Histoacryl®.